Percentile vs percentile rank
The kth percentile is a value: k% of the data fall at or below it. A percentile rank goes the other way: given a score, what percentage of scores are below it? Scoring in the 90th percentile on a test means you did better than about 90% of test takers; it says nothing about the percentage of questions you got right.
Which method?
There is no single definition for small data sets. This calculator uses linear interpolation (Excel’s PERCENTILE.INC, R’s default type 7) and also shows the simpler nearest-rank method. For large data sets the methods agree closely. For normally distributed quantities with a known mean and SD, use the z-score calculator to get a percentile directly.
Frequently asked questions
Is the 50th percentile the median?
Yes. The 25th and 75th percentiles are Q1 and Q3 (though quartile methods can differ slightly from percentile methods).
Can a percentile be 100?
With the inclusive method, the 100th percentile is the maximum value. As a percentile rank, it is usually capped just below 100 because a value cannot be above itself.